underlying carbon substrates; the outcome is a randomly distributed MWCNT layers leading
to uncontrollable structure and unreproducible results. Additionally, we suspect that the
electrochemical response is influenced by the primary carbon-based substrate. Herein, we
propose the use of freestanding sheets of MWCNTs (buckypapers, BP electrodes) as
electrode materials for vanadium redox flow batteries to directly probe the electrochemical …