2. Discussion Immune checkpoint inhibitors have yielded dramatic responses in a number of
cancers, including melanoma, renal cell carcinoma and NSCLC. The 3-year survival rate for
combination immunotherapy with antieCTLA-4 and antiePD-1 (ipilimumab and nivolumab)
in melanoma is 58%[3]. However, this comes with a 96% rate of adverse events, 59% are
grade 3 or 4 [3, 4]. These sideeffects are immune mediated and include colitis, hepatitis,
endocrinopathies and skin toxicity. Cardiac toxicities are rare but have been reported [5e8] …