used as chemical sensors or biosensors owing to its high-temperature frequency stability
and mass sensitivity. Principally, the QCM is a kind of resonator working in thickness-shear-
mode (TSM) vibration, the fundamental frequency of which is inversely proportional to the
wafer thickness. A mass change on the surface of QCM corresponds to a thickness change
of the quartz substrate, resulting in a frequency shift. The frequency shift of QCM induced by …