This study investigates the efficacy of Non-Player Characters (NPCs) in the metaverse as a
tool for enhancing the design thinking mindset of university students. Utilizing a controlled
experimental design, we compared the design thinking competencies of two student groups:
those who interacted with NPCs in the metaverse and those who did not. Over design
thinking mindset questionnaire and four assignments, we measured dimensions of design
thinking, including Human centeredness, Empathy, Mindfulness and awareness of process …