Fracture mapping using 3D laser scanning techniques

S Slob, H Hack, Q Feng, K Roshoff, AK Turner - ISRM Congress, 2007 - onepetro.org
S Slob, H Hack, Q Feng, K Roshoff, AK Turner
ISRM Congress, 2007onepetro.org
ABSTRACT 3D terrestrial laser scanning is nowadays the technique for 3D mapping and
documentation of rock faces and tunnels that shows most potential. In this paper two state-of-
the-art methods are described to map rock mass fractures on the basis of 3D laser scan
data: a semi-automatic method and a fully automated approach. Both methods give good
results and have both their advantages and disadvantages in terms of practical
implementation. Both methods make use of the very high level of detail and precision that …
ABSTRACT
3D terrestrial laser scanning is nowadays the technique for 3D mapping and documentation of rock faces and tunnels that shows most potential. In this paper two state-of-the-art methods are described to map rock mass fractures on the basis of 3D laser scan data: a semi-automatic method and a fully automated approach. Both methods give good results and have both their advantages and disadvantages in terms of practical implementation. Both methods make use of the very high level of detail and precision that the 3D laser scan data provide. This, together with the rapid method and simple way of data acquisition makes 3D lasers scanning the most promising fracture mapping tool in the future.
1 INTRODUCTION
In a rock engineering project, fracture mapping is one of the important steps, which provides the input data for further rock mechanics analysis, rock engineering design and numerical modeling. Currently, fracture mapping at rock faces is well-known performed by using compass and inclinometer, and documentation by recording information on a notebook and photographing with a camera. Although these so-called traditional methods are now still used in most of the rock engineering projects, the quality and quantity of the data are sometimes unable to meet the requirement in rock engineering projects. The most well-known drawback for traditional methods is that too much personal work are involving in the in-situ data acquisition procedure, which is time-consuming, not accurate enough, sometimes difficult and dangerous to reach the rock faces physically. In addition, the way of data recording and storing can not make the full use of modern IT and computer technology to speed up the data processing, and then provide the input data in a required format for further analysis and designing. Therefore, it has been recently realized that applying a new method for in-situ data acquisition is the key point to solve the bottleneck problem for improving the rock face mapping data with both quality and quantity. In recent years, the efforts of developing new techniques for in-situ data collection at rock faces are in progress. Techniques, such as photogrammetry (e.g. Harrison, 1993; Coe, 1995), image processing (e.g. Post and Kemeny, 2001), total station (Bulut and Tudes, 1996; Feng, 1999) and laser scanning (Feng 2001, Slob et al., 2002, 2004), have been tested for measuring of different joint parameters and documentation of rock faces. The presented method has applied a newly-developed 3D visual laser scanning technique to characterization and documentation of joint and jointed rock masses at rock faces. A 3D terrestrial laser scanner can quickly record a great amount of digital 3D information of an object. Each scan takes just few minutes with a high-speed sampling rate up to hundreds of thousands of points per second, and covers up to hundreds of square meters with the optimal scanning resolution in the order of mm's. Each scanning point can be recorded by 4 parameters, i.e. the3Dco-ordinates (X, Y, Z) and the reflected intensity (I).
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