Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor that
carries a 5-y survival rate of 5%. Attempts at eliciting a clinically relevant anti-GBM immune
response in brain tumor patients have met with limited success, which is due to brain
immune privilege, tumor immune evasion, and a paucity of dendritic cells (DCs) within the
central nervous system. Herein we uncovered a novel pathway for the activation of an
effective anti-GBM immune response mediated by high-mobility-group box 1 (HMGB1), an …

Immune privilege, tumor immune evasion and a lack of dendritic cells (DC) in the normal
brain parenchyma all contribute to immunological ignorance against glioblastoma
multiforme (GBM) antigen. Here we uncovered a novel pathway for the activation of GBM
antigen‐specific T‐cell dependent immune response which is mediated by the release of the
high‐mobility‐group box 1 (HMGB1) by dying tumor cells after treatment with TK (+ GCV).
Endogenous TLR2 signaling induces infiltration of bone marrow derived DC into GBM after …