conservation significance (Buchanan, Donald, & Butchart, 2011), with the highest number of
endemic bird species for an island of its size (Melo, 2007). It hosts 17 single-island
endemics, nine of which are considered threatened, including three critically endangered
species (BirdLife International 2014): Dwarf Olive Ibis (Bostrychia bocagei), Sao Tomé
Grosbeak (Neospiza concolor) and Sao Tomé Fiscal