populations, and it is also a significant factor in the life history decisions of individuals.
Exposure to the perceived threat of size-dependent fish predation has been shown to trigger
adaptive responses in animal life history including an increase in early reproductive output.
In water fleas, this response to perceived predation risk appears to have a cost, as a lifespan
in an environment free of predation cues is 20% longer. The aim of this study is to establish …