crack segmentation problems; however, it requires much time and many resources to
prepare a large volume of the ground truth of a dataset labeled at the pixel level. Hybrid
crack segmentation (Kang et al., Autom Constr 118: 103291, 2020) is based on the
integration of a faster region-based convolutional neural network (faster R-CNN) as the
deep learning-based object detection method and modified tubularity flow field (TuFF) as …