economic losses and threatening global food security. Infection with these organisms often
involves an initial biotrophic infection phase, during which the pathogen spreads in host
tissue asymptomatically, followed by a necrotrophic phase, during which host-cell death is
induced. How hemibiotrophic pathogens trigger host necrosis and how plants inhibit the
transition from the biotrophic stage to the necrotrophic stage in disease symptom expression …