that could be fatal to humans and animals. Oral ingestion of the toxin with contaminated food
is one of the most common routes for botulism. BoNT assembles with several auxiliary
proteins to survive in the gastrointestinal tract and is subsequently transported through the
intestinal epithelium into the general circulation. Several hemagglutinin proteins form a multi-
protein complex (HA complex) that recognizes host glycans on the intestinal epithelial cell …