Water pollution is one of the forefront environmental problems. Due to the simplification, flexibility and low cost, the adsorption becomes one of the most fashionable technology and the exploitation of adsorbents has drawn greatly attention. In this study, a novel magnesium silicate-hydrothermal carbon composite (MS-C) was synthesized by facile hydrothermal carbonization and used to remove the cadmium (Cd(II)) and methylene blue (MB) from wastewater. It was shown that the porous and lump-like magnesium silicate (MS) was decorated with multiple hydrothermal carbon (HC) via the Csingle bondOsingle bondSi covalent bonding. Further, the adsorption behavior of Cd(II) and MB based on the MS, HC, and MS-C were systematically investigated. The equilibrium data of both Cd(II) and MB were fitted well with Langmuir model. Compared to pure MS and HC, the adsorption capacity of composite was significantly improved, accompanied by the maximum adsorption capacity of 108 mg/g for Cd(II) and 418 mg/g for MB, respectively. In the Cd(II)–MB binary system, the adsorption of Cd(II) was favored in comparison with that of MB. The removal of Cd(II) was mainly ascribed to electrostatic attraction and the ion exchange interaction. Meanwhile, the adsorption of MB onto adsorbent was driven by the electrostatic attraction, π-π interaction and hydrogen bond. In view of these empirical results and real water treatment, the environmental friendly and low-cost MS-C holds a potential for separate or simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and MB in practical applications.