4, and Fe) have been investigated by employing soft x-ray-absorption spectroscopy and x-
ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). It is found that the valence states of Ti ions near
interfaces are formally tetravalent (Ti 4+: 3 d 0) and that the valence states of Fe ions in
shells are essentially the same as those of the corresponding bulk materials, with some
disorder in the site occupations for X= γ-Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4. The negligible Ti 2 p XMCD …