… believed to play a crucial role in drug addiction. In this review we have focussed on
invertebrate genetic models of drug abuse. Although invertebrate studies are still nascent, at least …

… invertebrate model systems in terms of neuroanatomy and molecular machinery, and stress
that working with a range of different models … of their drug use, addicts continue drug abuse. …

… in invertebrates … drug-seeking behavior in an invertebrate system. It is also not known
whether the elimination of the response-contingent drug in an invertebrate model decreases drug …

… burden posed by substance abuse (Florence et al., 2016). In contrast, the US National
Institute of Drug Abuse has strongly advocated for a brain disease model of addiction (BDMA), …

… -trace labeled morphine released from invertebrate ganglia into the … of a variety of drugs of
abuse to convergent mechanisms … our understanding of polymodal drug abuse mechanisms. …

… rewarding properties of mammalian drugs of abuse to an invertebrate system, which unlike
… an invertebrate system with simple neuronal organization indicates that mammalian drugs of …

… the invertebrate model systems should enable researchers to coordinate current knowledge
on drug abuse… In this review we have focused on invertebrate genetic models of drug abuse. …

… of using crayfish as an invertebrate animal model to investigate the basic biological processes
that underline exposure to mammalian drugs of abuse. … Invertebrate models of drug abuse …

… burden posed by substance abuse (Florence et al., 2016). In contrast, the US National
Institute of Drug Abuse has strongly advocated for a brain disease model of addiction (BDMA), …

… Finally, the use of invertebrate models should offer advantages over traditional model …
in Table 1 are actually causal for drug abuse and alcoholism. Ideally the behavior of animal …