vegetation conditions in Taiwan from 2000 to 2020. Time series data on Land Surface
Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Land Cover (LC)
types were obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)
sensor. Seasonal patterns, decadal trends, and acceleration rates for each LU type were
evaluated using the natural cubic spline method and multivariate linear regression …