Based upon ethnographic research about microfinance and land titling programs in rural Cambodia, my dissertation develops a political ecology of debt framework to understand the connections between agricultural landscapes, household social reproduction, and debt-driven dispossession. I argue that microfinance has helped turn land into a financial asset, such that collateralized debt now mediates how many rural Cambodians live upon the land. Additionally, nearly two-in-three Cambodians who borrow from a microfinance institution use their loan to finance the costs of social reproduction, such as healthcare, education, home improvements, durable consumer goods, and basic needs like food. To repay their household debts, families are increasingly dependent on producing agricultural commodities for capitalist markets. However, agriculture alone does not provide sufficient income to repay all of these debts. Household debts also require the labor of multiple family members, many of whom have migrated beyond the village. Although these livelihood changes cannot be reduced solely to the imperatives of debt-repayment, the threat of land repossession does in part underpin household decisions to pursue commodity production, livelihood diversification, and rural out-migration. Consequently, my research analyzes how debt, land, and labor form a conjuncture to produce surplus value for financial capitalists. My political ecology of debt framework attends to the ways that debt is constituted through both social and material relations that span diverse spaces of precarious economic transformation. This framework offers insights into processes of agrarian change in peripheral spaces that are increasingly connected to global financial markets.