As uniaxial tensile testing fails to represent the actual loading case in sheet metal forming,
evaluation of limiting strains is largely based on forming limit diagrams (FLDs) produced by
the Marciniak and Nakazima methods. The accuracy of these methods is subject to
uncertainties of the actual deformation state and friction conditions. In addition, they are
impractical for studying formability at elevated temperatures, which is of prime importance in
forming lightweight alloys. This work presents a detailed systematic methodology for …