We developed a method to locate the narrow bipolar events (NBEs) based on the single-
station measurement of low-frequency (LF, 40–500 kHz) magnetic fields. The direction
finding of a two-axis magnetic sensor provides the azimuth of NBEs relative to the
measurement site; the ionospheric reflection pairs in the lightning sferics are used to
determine the range and height. We applied this method to determine the three-dimensional
(3D) locations of 1475 NBEs with magnetic signals recorded during the SHandong …

We develop an approach to locate narrow bipolar events (NBEs) through the measurement
of low-frequency (LF) magnetic fields at a single station. The direction finding of a two-axis
magnetic sensor provides the azimuth of NBEs relative to the measurement station, and the
temporal information contained in the reflected waves of NBEs in the Earth-ionosphere
waveguide provides constraints on the range and height (by adopting the typical value for
the height of ionosphere at daytime/nighttime); the curvature of Earth is taken into account …