sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), with a focus on the use of flexible plastic substrates instead
of rigid glass substrates. The temperature restriction of the substrate in generating TiO2
nanoparticles is a key problem for creating DSSCs on plastic substrates. Ball-milling,
acid/water treatments, chemical vapor deposition, and electrophoretic deposition, as well as
chemical and mechanical film processing methods such as chemical sintering, hydrothermal …