fabricated in gallium arsenide/aluminium gallium arsenide waveguides. Detailed beam
propagation method simulations were carried out to investigate the modal properties of the
waveguides and were compared with measured results. For lengths of 2 cm, insertion losses
of≤ 3.5 dB were achieved when coupled to conical lensed fibre. This demonstrates a simple
method of achieving minimal coupling losses without the need for complex structures such …