including primates, and frequently leads to human–wildlife conflicts. Contrary to the
widespread belief that macaques foraging in the forest–oil palm matrix are detrimental crop
pests, we show that the impact of macaques on oil palm yield is minor. More importantly, our
data suggest that wild macaques have the potential to act as biological pest control by
feeding on plantation rats, the major pest for oil palm crops, with each macaque group …