Importance Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are severe and complex brain disorders
characterized by substantial clinical and biological heterogeneity. However, case-control
studies often ignore such heterogeneity through their focus on the average patient, which
may be the core reason for a lack of robust biomarkers indicative of an individual's treatment
response and outcome. Objectives To investigate the degree to which case-control analyses
disguise interindividual differences in brain structure among patients with schizophrenia and …