Ipomoea pes-caprae is a mangrove associate often found along shorelines. It flowers during
August–February and is hermaphroditic and an obligate out-crosser due to self-
incompatibility. It is both melittophilous and malacophilous. The natural fruit set rate is less
than 10% probably due to the wastage of pollen in self-pollination, the ephemeral nature of
flowers, predation, and nutrient requirements. Seeds are impermeable to water and
germinate readily if they are covered and abraded by sand; those exposed to seawater rot …