miRs, as one crucial type of non-coding RNAs class of epigenetics, biogenesis is either canonical or non-canonical. The mechanism of dysregulated microRNAs in cancer to act as tumor suppressor miRs, miRNAs with oncogenic activity in various cancer types. Interestingly, some miRNAs have dual action. MicroRNA challenges in cancer therapy are emphases of microRNA’s role in drug resistance, chemotherapy resistance, and cancer resistance to targeted therapy or to immunotherapy, which are widely studied nowadays and addressed in pharmaceutical clinical biochemistry by our research group or others.

miRs-based therapeutics for cancer treatment examines procedures for targeted synthetic miR mimics to restore balance in dysregulated cancer networks. Anti-miR oligonucleotides and silencing the culprits of cancer progression are important approaches as next-generation epigenetics-based cancer treatment.

Different drug delivery systems and strategies are attempted for synthetic microRNA therapeutics to target cancer cells as local vs systemic delivery. The latter is viral or non-viral delivery that is lipid-based or polymeric vectors, inorganic vectors, and finally, exosomal-based synthetic microRNA therapeutics delivery.