There is continuous interest in maximizing the longevity of implantable pacemakers, which
are effective in remedying and managing patients with arrhythmic heart disease. This paper
accordingly first proposes miniature actuating nanomachines that inter-connect with
individual cardiomyocytes and then deeply explores their energy expenditure when
performing basic cardiomyocyte stimulation tasks. Since evoked electrical impulses from a
number of actuated cardiomyocytes could coordinate contraction throughout the remaining …