Nanotechnology, with its distinctive characteristics and versatile applications, demonstrates considerable potential in detecting, removing, and degrading pollutants such as heavy metals, organic compounds, and microplastics. The utilization of nanotechnology for environmental remediation presents a promising and innovative approach to tackle the growing environmental challenges. This review article offers a thorough examination of recent advancements in nanotechnology and its application in addressing various types of environmental pollutants and highlights the potential of nanomaterials, such as metal-based nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and nanofibrous membranes, in various remediation processes. The article investigates the underlying mechanisms of nanomaterials in pollutant adsorption and degradation, highlighting the significance of their high surface-to-volume ratio, enhanced reactivity, and customizable surface properties. Nanoadsorbents demonstrate high adsorption capacities and selectivity for the removal of pollutants from water and soil. Nanofiltration membranes offer precise separation capabilities for the removal of contaminants from water sources. Photocatalysis using nanomaterials shows promise for air pollution remediation. Additionally, the development of nanosensors enables real-time monitoring and detection of pollutants. Overall, nanotechnology offers innovative and efficient solutions for addressing environmental pollution.