Vital plant functions require at least six metals (copper, iron, molybdenum, manganese, zinc,
and nickel), which function as enzyme cofactors or inducers. In recent decades, rapidly
evolving nanotechnology has created nanoforms of essential metals and their compounds
(eg nZnO, nFe2O3) with a number of favourable properties over the bulk materials. The
effects of nanometals on plants are concentration-dependent (hormesis) but also depend on
the properties of the nanometals, the plant species, and the treatment conditions. Here, we …