Why does the commercialization of plug-in cars remain sluggish when they are ascribed the
potential to contribute significantly to the development of a sustainable society? The risk-and
cost transfer that comes with the purchase of a car under the current dominating business
model is not well suited for technologies that are novel to customers, like plug-in cars.
Therefore, the commercialization of plug-in cars can benefit from alternative business
models. The purpose of this paper is to present four alternative business models that are …