steel reinforcement was successfully fabricated using high-pressure torsion (HPT). After post-
HPT annealing at 800° C for 60 min, the composite demonstrated a superior combination of
high specific modulus (~ 25.5 GPa· cm 3· g− 1), high yield strength (881 MPa), and good
ductility (31%). The improved properties can be ascribed to the high relative density, sound
metallurgical bonded 316L/Fe-TiB 2 interface, ultra-fine grains and heterogeneous …