which has been studied for several decades. Like other risk-averse utility functionals, EU encodes risk aversion through an increasing convex mapping of objective costs to subjective costs. An objective cost is a realization of a random variable. In contrast, a subjective cost is a realization of a random variable that has been transformed to measure preferences about the outcomes. For EU, the transformation is, and under certain conditions …
The standard approach to risk-averse control is to use the exponential utility (EU) functional, which has been studied for several decades. Like other risk-averse utility functionals, EU encodes risk aversion through an increasing convex mapping of objective costs to subjective costs. An objective cost is a realization of a random variable . In contrast, a subjective cost is a realization of a random variable that has been transformed to measure preferences about the outcomes. For EU, the transformation is , and under certain conditions, the quantity can be approximated by a linear combination of the mean and variance of . More recently, there has been growing interest in risk-averse control using the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) functional. In contrast to the EU functional, the CVaR of a random variable concerns a fraction of its possible realizations. If is a continuous random variable with finite , then the CVaR of at level is the expectation of in the worst cases. Here, we study the applications of risk-averse functionals to controller synthesis and safety analysis through the development of numerical examples, with an emphasis on EU and CVaR. Our contribution is to examine the decision-theoretic, mathematical, and computational tradeoffs that arise when using EU and CVaR for optimal control and safety analysis. We are hopeful that this work will advance the interpretability of risk-averse control technology and elucidate its potential benefits.