investigate the causal structure between the global radiative forcing and the annual global
mean surface temperature anomalies (GMTA) since 1850. Our study unambiguously shows
one-way causality between the total Greenhouse Gases and GMTA. Specifically, it is
confirmed that the former, especially CO2, are the main causal drivers of the recent warming.
A significant but smaller information flow comes from aerosol direct and indirect forcing and …