Omics technologies have revolutionised fundamental and medical research. Oncology is perhaps the field where these technologies have been most rapidly adopted and where they have had their biggest impact, dramatically transforming clinical practice guidelines over a very short period of time. Along with this transformation has come an even larger array of technologies, tools and jargon, that make following the most recent developments in the field a truly daunting task for those not involved in it. This chapter is intended to provide a general overview of evolving topics in oncology research in the era of big data analysis and precision medicine, with a specific focus on the use of tumour biomarkers, tumour biomarker tests, targeted drugs and the changing landscape of clinical trial designs.