evaluating drug delivery, or calculating drug efficacy. However, traditional cell line-derived
tumor models are unable to capture the tumor heterogeneity in patients or mimic the
interaction between tumors and their surroundings. Recently emerging patient-derived
preclinical cancer models, including of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model, circulating
tumor cell (CTC)-derived model, and tumor organoids-on-chips, are promising in …