There has been little systematic study on the clinical spectrum of pancytopenia. This study was done to describe the etiology, presentation and outcome of patients with pancytopenia presenting in a general medical ward. Hundred patients with pancytopenia were included in the study from October 2001 to October 2002. Patients on cancer chemotherapy were excluded. Blood counts, bone marrow examinations and trephine biopsies were performed according to standard methods. In all cases, megaloblastic anemia constituted the largest group (n= 39), and also seen in conjunction with hemolytic anemia and septicemia. Hypersplenism secondary to portal hypertension (cirrhosis) was the second most common diagnosis (n= 19). Aplastic anemia, septicemia and myelodysplasia were other common causes. Two patients were the suspected cases of viral hemorrhagic fever. Thirteen (13%) patients expired. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) less than 500/µl was seen in 14 (14%) patients, among which 6 (15.3%) had megaloblastic anemia, 3 (37.5%) had aplastic anemia, and 2 (40%) had myelodysplasia. Eleven patients with platelet counts≤ 10 x 10 9/L, 6 (54.5%) presented with bleeding; and 2 of these 8 had aplastic anemia and 1 patient with megaloblastic anemia. MCV values> 100fL and> 110fL were more frequent in patients with megaloblastic anemia with most prominent anisopoikilocytosis, microcytosis and fragmented RBCs. Macrocytosis was noted in 35 (89.7%) patients with megaloblastic anemia and 12 (63.1%) with hypersplenism, 4 (50%) with aplastic anemia. Hypersegmented neutrophils were noted in the blood films of 36 (92.3%) patients with megaloblastic anemia. Megaloblastic anemia, hypersplenism and aplastic anemia are the common causes of pancytopenia in our study.