sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and
perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), may alter levels of sex hormones and insulin-like growth
factor-1 (IGF-1) in animals. Human studies on this topic are scarce, and none have been
conducted in young children. Objectives: We investigated the relationship between levels of
PFAS and estradiol, total testosterone, and IGF-1 in 2,292 children (6–9 years of age) from …