This study addresses the effectiveness of political advertising in an extreme context, during
war-time. A self-administered cross-sectional survey was used to collect data during the
2016 parliamentary elections in Syria. Structural equation modelling was utilized to test the
hypothetical model and its invariance related to political involvement. The results indicated
that beliefs are a four-dimensional structure consisting of information, veracity, sarcasm, and
cynicism. Furthermore, war-time perceptions were found to negatively affect attitude towards …