Functional solid catalysts have been used in many transformation reactions including
biomass valorization to value-added chemicals and biofuels. The design and production
techniques for novel, innovative, and advanced materials can deliver a variety of catalysts
with ordered structures and defined characteristics. Catalytic materials that are promising in
biomass upgrading are namely:(1) carbon materials,(2) zeolite related catalysts,(3)
mesoporous SiO 2 related materials, and (4) metal–organic frameworks (MOF). Carbon …