We studied the relationships between blood pressure, anthropometric characteristics and blood lipids in 72 low altitude (LA) Uighurs (600m), 91 LA-Kirghizs (900 m), 117 medium altitude (MA) Kazakhs (2100m) and 94 high altitude (HA) Kirghizs (3200 m). All subjects were male and had a similar age (p= ns, ANOVA; range for all 374 subjects: 18-66 yr). Body weight (Wt), body mass index (BMI) and the sum of four skinfolds (4SF) were significantly lower in HA-Kirghizs than the remaining groups (p < 0: 0005, p < 0: 0005 and p < 0: 05 respectively, ANOVA). However, no difference was found in body fat distribution as detected by waist: hip circumference (WHR) and triceps: subscapular skinfold ratios (TSR; p= ns, ANOVA). Stage 1 hypertension was detected in 18% of LA-Uighurs, 2% of LA-Kirghizs, 4% of MA-Kazakhs and 1% of HA-Kirghizs; stage 2 hypertension was detected in 2% of LA-Uighurs and none of the remaining groups; no subject had stage 3 hypertension (The Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure 1997). Blood cholesterol (CH) and triglycerides (TG) did not differ between groups (p= ns, ANOVA). The relationships between systolic (SBP) or diastolic (DBP) blood pressure and age, Wt, BMI, 4SF, WHR, TSR, CH and TG were independent from altitude (p= ns, ANCOVA). In the pooled sample (n= 374), age explained 1 and 3% of SBP (p < 0: 05) and DBP (p < 0: 005) variance respectively, Wt was the best predictor of SBP and DBP explaining 11 and 10% of their variance respectively (p < 0: 0001) and CH explained 5% of DBP variance (p < 0: 0001). In conclusion, hypertension is more frequent in LA-than MA-and HA-subjects from Central Asia. However, anthropometric characteristics and blood lipids do similarly contribute to explain blood pressure in these subjects.