Residual risk is the amount of risk that remains after management or elimination of the known risk factors. Globally, the residual recurrence risk in patients who has a stroke has not been well estimated and varies between 3% and 6%. 1 5 6 From the perspective of clinical practice, residual risk could be classified into three types:

Care-quality-based residual risk Such type of residual risk developed mainly because of poor individual adherence to treatment. Though secondary prevention measures such as the use of antithrombotic, antihypertensive, anti diabetic and lipid-lowering agents plus lifestyle modification have been recommended, adherence to these evidencebased therapies may be suboptimal in the real world, 7 A multifaceted care quality intervention to improve adherence to guideline-based performance measures and secondary prevention measures among hospitalised patients can significantly reduce this type of residual risk. 7 Another residual risk might be about achieving the target level of conditions such as in patients with hypercholesterolaemia. For example, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level was a common marker used to measure the effectiveness of cholesterollowering therapies. However, additional