Rationale: Immune dysregulation is a common feature of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Histone deacetylase (HDAC)-dependent transcriptional reprogramming epigenetically modulates immune homeostasis and is a novel disease-oriented approach in modern times.

Objectives: To identify a novel functional link between HDAC and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in PAH, aiming to establish disease-modified biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from patients with idiopathic PAH (IPAH) and rodent models of pulmonary hypertension (PH): monocrotaline rats, Sugen5416-hypoxia rats, and Treg-depleted mice. HDAC inhibitor vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA) was used to examine the immune modulatory effects in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro.

Measurements and Main Results: Increased HDAC expression was associated with reduced Foxp3⁺ Tregs and increased PD-1 (programmed cell death-1) signaling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with IPAH. SAHA differentially modified a cluster of epigenetic-sensitive genes and induced Foxp3⁺ Treg conversion in IPAH T cells. Rodent models recapitulated these epigenetic aberrations and T-cell dysfunction. SAHA attenuated PH phenotypes and restored FOXP3 transcription and Tregs in PH rats; interestingly, the effects were more profound in female rats. Selective depletion of CD25⁺ Tregs in Sugen5416-hypoxia mice neutralized the effects of SAHA. Furthermore, SAHA inhibited endothelial cytokine/chemokine release upon stimulation and subsequent immune chemotaxis.

Conclusions: Our results indicated HDAC aberration was associated with Foxp3⁺ Treg deficiency and demonstrated an epigenetic-mediated mechanism underlying immune dysfunction in PAH. Restoration of Foxp3⁺ Tregs by HDAC inhibitors is a promising approach to resolve pulmonary vascular pathology, highlighting the potential benefit of developing epigenetic therapies for PAH.