systems theory, this article focuses on several points that are not widely treated. First, it is
shown that, for a given dynamics matrix A, the smallest number of sensors and actuators that
can be used to form a minimal realization is determined by properties of the Jordan form of
A. This leads to the notions of minimally sensed and minimally actuated systems. Next, the
rank of a transfer function is related to properties of the Jordan form of A and the rank of the …