considering the N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKzC) hypothesis by designing
two models in a sample of eighty-five countries (these countries are divided into four groups,
high-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income, and overall countries), from 2001
to 2020. The two-step system GMM method is applied to compute estimations. For model 1,
the findings of the study do not validate the N-shaped EKzC hypothesis for any group …