utilizing a Polyaniline (PANI) saturable absorber (SA), resulting in the production of
picosecond pulses at a frequency of 1.8 MHz within an elongated ring cavity. The SA is
engineered by embedding PANI into Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA). This conducting polymer-
based SA exhibits favorable optical nonlinear properties, boasting a modulation depth of
2.3%, a saturation intensity of 7.8 MW/cm 2, and a non-saturable loss of 5.6%. The laser …