as independent noises to the cover image, and reveals that the histogram of the differences
between pixel gray values is smoothed by the stego bits despite a large distance between
the pixels. Using the characteristic function of difference histogram (DHCF), we prove that
the center of mass of DHCF (DHCF COM) decreases after messages are embedded.
Accordingly, the DHCF COMs are calculated as distinguishing features from the pixel pairs …