We used a bottom-up optimisation model to explore the energy system implications of five
alternative policy pathways for the Nigerian transport sector. Our study considered fuel
switching, improved fuel economy, modal shifting, improved logistics, and carbon tax for the
period 2010–2050. Results show that the alternative pathways will reduce energy demand
and CO 2 emissions significantly. Particularly, we found that improved vehicle fuel economy
and a carbon tax can lower Nigeria's CO 2 emissions by 42.8% and 26.9% respectively, in …