The vulnerability of the rare earth element (REE) supply in a global context of increasing
demands entails important economic and political issues, and has encouraged several
countries to develop their own REE production projects. This study comparatively evaluated
the production of REEs from primary and secondary resources in terms of their sustainability
and contribution to the achievement of the Geoethics concept as responsibility towards
oneself, colleagues, society, and the Earth system. Twelve categories of potential …

The vulnerability of the rare earth element (REE) supply in a global context of increasing
demands entails important economic and political issues, and has encouraged several
countries to develop their own REE production projects. This study comparatively evaluated
the production of REEs from primary and secondary resources in terms of their sustainability
and contribution to the achievement of the Geoethics concept as responsibility towards
oneself, colleagues, society, and the Earth system. Twelve categories of potential …