pathology. Of note, indoxyl sulfate is a gut microbe-derived uremic toxin that accumulates in
CKD patients. Nevertheless, the relationship between gut microbiota, fecal indole content,
and blood indoxyl sulfate level remains unknown. In our study, we established an adenine-
induced CKD rat model, which recapitulates human CKD-related gut dysbiosis. Synbiotic
treatment in CKD rats showed a significant reduction in both the indole-producing bacterium …