Phosphorus is one of the most common chemical elements found in both person’s body and the Earth. Elemental phosphorus exists in several different forms and loosely classified with the colors of white, red, and black. Due to the different crystal structures, the above phosphorus allotropes present very different physical and chemical properties. The blooming of science and engineering in nanoscale enables us to revisit the phosphorus allotropes that has been discovered, and due to the complexity of the phosphorus-phosphorus bond system, many new phosphorus nanomaterials are being created. In this chapter, we will focus on the recent progress of the red and black phosphorus nanomaterial synthesis, and the relevant side topics such as the synthesis of purple and blue phosphorus will also be discussed.