Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States and abroad
with severe heart-related morbidities affecting men and women across all ages and ethnic
and racial groups. 1 Among the different CVDs, heart failure (HF) is a primary health
concern, with a current US incidence, prevalence, and total cost of more than $800,000, $5
million, and $30 billion, respectively. 2 The development of HF is closely linked to common
comorbidities of CVD, such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes. 3 In addition …