… In 2002, Florida adopted a test-based promotion policy in the third grade in an attempt to …
impact of grade retention on student proficiency in reading one and two years after the retention …

… To address this need I conclude by discussing in-depth the research on test-based grade
retention policies, noting the similarities between its findings and those on teacher-based …

… grade retention conforms to current standards for appropriate and nondiscriminatory test use.
This article examines the extent to which test-based grade retention … test-based retention …

… Because of the conjunction of standards-based reform and the use of test-based decisions
about individual students as instruments of reform, we think it is reasonable to investigate …

… owing to grade retention that we document may reverse any social benefits to grade retention
policies. We calculate that an increase in violent crimes, driven by grade retention, implies …

… Taken as a whole, this evidence suggests that retention in higher grade levels may have …
grade retention may be more beneficial. We confirm that test-based retention in third grade in …

… grade and age comparison results. Based on vote counting analysis and three-level
metaregression analysis we find grade retention … At the same time, we find grade retention effects …

… variation in retention generated by a test-based promotion policy to assess the causal
impact of grade retention on high school completion. We find that retention among younger …

… Students served by special education may take an alternate test based on different standards,
in which case TAKS scores are missing. Although we attempted to obtain TAKS scores for …

… In this study, I specifically examined the field of test-based grade retention in Georgia. Below,
I describe the field of test-based retention in which Plains Elementary resides. I specifically …